Утвердительная форма (have/has + V3 / Past Participle)
Местоимение
Формула
Пример
I
I + have + V3
I have worked. / I've finished.
You
You + have + V3
You have worked. / You've seen it.
We
We + have + V3
We have worked. / We've been there.
They
They + have + V3
They have worked. / They've done it.
He
He + has + V3
He has worked. / He's gone.
She
She + has + V3
She has worked. / She's cooked.
It
It + has + V3
It has worked. / It's rained.
Сокращённые формы: I've, you've, we've, they've, he's, she's, it's Важно: have → I / you / we / they; has → he / she / it. V3 — третья форма глагола (Past Participle): work → worked, see → seen, go → gone.
Вопросительная форма
Местоимение
Формула
Пример
I
Have + I + V3?
Have I worked? / Have I finished?
You
Have + you + V3?
Have you worked? / Have you seen it?
We
Have + we + V3?
Have we worked?
They
Have + they + V3?
Have they worked?
He
Has + he + V3?
Has he worked? / Has he gone?
She
Has + she + V3?
Has she cooked?
It
Has + it + V3?
Has it rained?
Вопросы с вопросительными словами:
What have you done? — Что ты сделал?
Where has she gone? — Куда она ушла?
How long have they been here? — Как долго они здесь?
Отрицательная форма
Местоимение
Формула
Пример (короткий)
I
I + have not + V3
I haven't worked. / I haven't finished.
You
You + have not + V3
You haven't worked.
We
We + have not + V3
We haven't worked.
They
They + have not + V3
They haven't worked.
He
He + has not + V3
He hasn't worked.
She
She + has not + V3
She hasn't cooked.
It
It + has not + V3
It hasn't rained.
Сокращённые отрицательные формы: haven't = have not, hasn't = has not
Present Perfect — все формы (на примере глагола "work")
Подлежащее
Утверждение
Вопрос
Отрицание
I
I have worked.
Have I worked?
I haven't worked.
You
You have worked.
Have you worked?
You haven't worked.
We
We have worked.
Have we worked?
We haven't worked.
They
They have worked.
Have they worked?
They haven't worked.
He
He has worked.
Has he worked?
He hasn't worked.
She
She has worked.
Has she worked?
She hasn't worked.
It
It has worked.
Has it worked?
It hasn't worked.
Как образуется V3
Тип глагола
Правило
Пример (V1 → V2 → V3)
Правильные (regular)
+ -ed
work → worked → worked
Правильные на -e
+ -d
live → lived → lived
Правильные: согласная + y
y → ied
study → studied → studied
Правильные: ударный слог + согласная
удваиваем согласную + ed
stop → stopped → stopped
Неправильные (irregular)
учить наизусть
go → went → gone see → saw → seen do → did → done eat → ate → eaten write → wrote → written
Три формы глагола:
• V1 — инфинитив (base form): go, see, work
• V2 — Past Simple: went, saw, worked
• V3 — Past Participle: gone, seen, worked Для Present Perfect нужна именно V3!
Слова-подсказки для Present Perfect
Слово/фраза
Перевод
Пример
just
только что
I have just finished.
already
уже
She has already left.
yet
ещё (в вопросах и отрицаниях)
Have you finished yet? / I haven't finished yet.
ever
когда-либо
Have you ever been to London?
never
никогда
I have never seen this film.
before
раньше, прежде
I have seen this before.
recently / lately
недавно / в последнее время
He has recently moved.
for
в течение (период)
I have lived here for 5 years.
since
с (момент начала)
I have lived here since 2020.
this week / month / year
на этой неделе / в этом месяце / году
I have read 3 books this month.
so far
пока что, до сих пор
We have done 5 exercises so far.
Вопрос
Утвердительный ответ
Отрицательный ответ
Have you finished?
Yes, I have.
No, I haven't.
Has she left?
Yes, she has.
No, she hasn't.
Have they arrived?
Yes, they have.
No, they haven't.
Have I done it right?
Yes, you have.
No, you haven't.
3 основных случая употребления
Случай
Объяснение
Пример
Результат важен сейчас
Действие произошло в прошлом, но результат виден / важен в настоящем
I have lost my keys. (Потерял ключи → сейчас не могу войти)
Опыт в жизни
Когда-либо в жизни (неважно когда)
I have been to Paris. (Был в Париже — опыт)
Действие продолжается
Началось в прошлом и продолжается до сих пор
I have lived here for 5 years. (Живу здесь 5 лет и сейчас живу)
Present Perfect vs Past Simple:
• Present Perfect — когда неважно когда, важен результат сейчас.
• I have seen this film. (Я видел этот фильм — опыт)
• Past Simple — когда важно когда, есть конкретное время.
• I saw this film yesterday. (Я видел этот фильм вчера — конкретное время)
Нельзя использовать Present Perfect с: yesterday, last week, in 2010, 2 days ago и т.п.
Типичные ошибки:
• ❌ I have seen him yesterday. → ✅ I saw him yesterday. (есть yesterday → Past Simple)
• ❌ I have went there. → ✅ I have gone there. (нужна V3, а не V2)
• ❌ She have finished. → ✅ She has finished. (she → has)
• ❌ I am living here for 5 years. → ✅ I have lived here for 5 years.
В Present Perfect используются И state verbs, И action verbs
Тип глагола
Пример
Перевод
State verbs (чувства, мнение, принадлежность)
I have known her for 10 years. She has always loved music. We have had this car since 2019.
Я знаю её 10 лет. Она всегда любила музыку. У нас эта машина с 2019.
Action verbs (действия, процессы)
I have worked here for 3 years. He has read this book. They have played football.
Я работаю здесь 3 года. Он прочитал эту книгу. Они играли в футбол.
Важное отличие от Continuous:
• В Continuous state verbs обычно не используются (❌ I am knowing).
• В Present Perfect state verbs используются нормально (✅ I have known).
Почему? Present Perfect — это НЕ Continuous. Это отдельное время, где нет формы -ing. Поэтому ограничение на state verbs здесь не действует.
Сравни:
• ❌ I am knowing her. (Present Continuous — нельзя)
• ✅ I have known her for 10 years. (Present Perfect — можно)
• ❌ I am wanting coffee. (Present Continuous — нельзя)
• ✅ I have wanted coffee all morning. (Present Perfect — можно)
Формулы кратко (Present Perfect):
• Утверждение: подлежащее + have/has + V3
• Вопрос: Have/Has + подлежащее + V3?
• Отрицание: подлежащее + have/has + not + V3
• Когда используем: результат важен сейчас; опыт в жизни; действие началось в прошлом и продолжается
• have → I / you / we / they; has → he / she / it
Важно запомнить:
• Не забывайте про have/has — он ОБЯЗАТЕЛЕН.
• Ошибка: "He worked here for 3 years" (если он всё ещё работает) → Правильно: He has worked here for 3 years.
• Ошибка: "She have finished" → Правильно: She has finished.
• Ошибка: "I have went" → Правильно: I have gone (нужна V3, а не V2).
• Нельзя использовать с: yesterday, last week, in 2010, 2 days ago.
• State verbs в Present Perfect используются нормально (в отличие от Continuous):
• I have known her for 10 years. ✅
• She has always loved music. ✅
