Past Simple

ИНТЕНСИВ: PAST SIMPLE

Past Simple — полный разбор

Правильные и неправильные глаголы, вопросы и отрицания с did, to be в прошлом (was/were), произношение -ed, маркеры времени и типичные ошибки.

Past Simple — простое прошедшее время. Обозначает:
• завершённое действие в прошлом с указанием времени (I worked yesterday);
• последовательные события в прошлом (He came, sat down and opened the book);
• привычки и повторяющиеся действия в прошлом (We often visited them);
• исторические факты (Pushkin wrote «Eugene Onegin»).
Маркеры: yesterday, last week, in 2010, two days ago, then, when I was a child.

Важно: Past Simple — это «действие закончилось, время известно». Если результат важен сейчас — нужен Present Perfect (I have lost my key — ключ потерян и сейчас его нет).

Формула: подлежащее + глагол + -ed (для всех лиц одинаково)
V2 — вторая форма глагола (Past Simple).

Правила написания -ed
Правило	Пример
Обычный глагол → +ed	work → worked, play → played
Глагол на -e → +d	like → liked, live → lived
Согласная + y → y меняется на i + ed	study → studied, carry → carried
Гласная + y → +ed	play → played, enjoy → enjoyed
Короткий глагол (CVC) → удвоение согласной + ed	stop → stopped, plan → planned
Глагол на -l (брит.) → удвоение + ed	travel → travelled (брит.) / traveled (амер.)

Важно: окончание -ed одинаково для всех лиц — I worked, you worked, he worked. Никакого -s в 3-м лице здесь нет.

Неправильные глаголы образуют Past Simple не по правилу — их форму (V2) нужно запомнить. Третья форма (V3) понадобится для Perfect.

Самые частые неправильные глаголы: V1 — V2 — V3
V1 (инфинитив)	V2 (Past Simple)	V3 (Past Participle)	Перевод
be	was / were	been	быть
have	had	had	иметь
do	did	done	делать
go	went	gone	идти
say	said	said	говорить
get	got	got / gotten	получать
make	made	made	делать, создавать
know	knew	known	знать
think	thought	thought	думать
take	took	taken	брать
see	saw	seen	видеть
come	came	come	приходить
give	gave	given	давать
find	found	found	находить
tell	told	told	рассказывать
become	became	become	становиться
leave	left	left	уходить, оставлять
feel	felt	felt	чувствовать
put	put	put	класть
bring	brought	brought	приносить
begin	began	begun	начинать
keep	kept	kept	держать, хранить
hold	held	held	держать
write	wrote	written	писать
stand	stood	stood	стоять
hear	heard	heard	слышать
let	let	let	позволять
mean	meant	meant	значить
run	ran	run	бежать
read	read (произн. «ред»)	read (произн. «ред»)	читать

Важно: у некоторых глаголов V2 и V3 совпадают (tell → told → told), у других отличаются (write → wrote → written). В Past Simple нужна именно V2.

Формула: подлежащее + V2 (глагол во второй форме)
Для всех лиц — одинаково: I worked, you worked, he worked.

Past Simple — утвердительная форма
Подлежащее	Формула	Пример
I	I + V2	I worked. / I went.
You	You + V2	You worked. / You went.
We	We + V2	We worked. / We went.
They	They + V2	They worked. / They went.
He	He + V2	He worked. / He went.
She	She + V2	She worked. / She went.
It	It + V2	It worked. / It went.

Важно: никакого -s в 3-м лице в Past Simple нет: He worked (не «He workeds»), She went (не «She wented»).

Формула: Did + подлежащее + V1 (инфинитив без to)?
Did одинаков для всех лиц — и для I, и для he/she/it.

Past Simple — вопросительная форма
Подлежащее	Формула	Пример
I	Did + I + V1?	Did I work?
You	Did + you + V1?	Did you work?
We	Did + we + V1?	Did we work?
They	Did + they + V1?	Did they work?
He	Did + he + V1?	Did he work?
She	Did + she + V1?	Did she work?
It	Did + it + V1?	Did it work?

Важно: в вопросе с did глагол возвращается в начальную форму (V1). Ошибка: «Did he went?» → Правильно: Did he go?

Формула: подлежащее + did + not + V1
Сокращение: didn't = did not. Одинаково для всех лиц.

Past Simple — отрицательная форма
Подлежащее	Формула	Пример
I	I + did not + V1	I didn't work.
You	You + did not + V1	You didn't work.
We	We + did not + V1	We didn't work.
They	They + did not + V1	They didn't work.
He	He + did not + V1	He didn't work.
She	She + did not + V1	She didn't work.
It	It + did not + V1	It didn't work.

Важно: ошибка «He didn't went» → правильно He didn't go. Вся «прошедшесть» уже в did, глагол снова в V1.

Past Simple — все формы
Подлежащее	Утверждение	Вопрос	Отрицание
I	I worked.	Did I work?	I didn't work.
You	You worked.	Did you work?	You didn't work.
We	We worked.	Did we work?	We didn't work.
They	They worked.	Did they work?	They didn't work.
He	He worked.	Did he work?	He didn't work.
She	She worked.	Did she work?	She didn't work.
It	It worked.	Did it work?	It didn't work.

To be в Past Simple: was — I / he / she / it | were — you / we / they.
В вопросах и отрицаниях did НЕ используется — was/were справляются сами.

To be в Past Simple — утверждение, вопрос, отрицание
Подлежащее	Утверждение	Вопрос	Отрицание
I	I was happy.	Was I happy?	I wasn't happy.
You	You were happy.	Were you happy?	You weren't happy.
We	We were happy.	Were we happy?	We weren't happy.
They	They were happy.	Were they happy?	They weren't happy.
He	He was happy.	Was he happy?	He wasn't happy.
She	She was happy.	Was she happy?	She wasn't happy.
It	It was happy.	Was it happy?	It wasn't happy.

Важно: ошибка «Did you were happy?» → правильно Were you happy? Сокращения: wasn't = was not, weren't = were not.

Короткие ответы в Past Simple
Вопрос	Утвердительный ответ	Отрицательный ответ
Did you work?	Yes, I did.	No, I didn't.
Did she go?	Yes, she did.	No, she didn't.
Did they like it?	Yes, they did.	No, they didn't.
Was he a teacher?	Yes, he was.	No, he wasn't.
Were you ready?	Yes, I was.	No, I wasn't.

Важно: в коротком ответе повторяется только вспомогательный глагол (did / was / were), а не смысловой. Нельзя: «Yes, I worked.» → Правильно: Yes, I did.

Окончание -ed читается по-разному в зависимости от последнего звука глагола: /t/, /d/ или /ɪd/.

Три варианта произношения -ed
Звук	Когда	Примеры
/t/	После глухих согласных (p, k, f, s, sh, ch, th)	worked, stopped, watched, laughed
/d/	После звонких согласных и гласных	played, lived, cleaned, opened
/ɪd/	После t и d	wanted, needed, decided, started

Важно: -ed — это не отдельный слог, кроме случаев /ɪd/. Нельзя произносить «work-ed» как два слога — только /wɜːkt/.

Выражения времени с Past Simple
Слово / Фраза	Перевод	Пример с Past Simple
Yesterday	Вчера	I saw him yesterday.
The day before yesterday	Позавчера	We met the day before yesterday.
Last night / week / month / year	Прошлой ночью / на прошлой неделе / в прошлом месяце / году	She called me last night.
Ago	Тому назад	They left two hours ago.
In 2010 / in the 90s	В 2010 / в 90-х	He graduated in 2010.
On Monday / on 5 May	В понедельник / 5 мая	We arrived on Monday.
Then / after that	Затем / после этого	He finished, then he left.
When I was a child	Когда я был ребёнком	When I was a child, I lived in Sochi.
Once / one day	Однажды	Once I saw a bear in the forest.
Recently / lately	Недавно	I recently visited Paris.
Just now	Только что	He left just now.
At that moment	В тот момент	At that moment I understood everything.

Важно: ago ставится ПОСЛЕ промежутка времени: two days ago (не «ago two days»). Last и yesterday — перед словом: last week, yesterday morning.

Past Simple — время известно / действие завершено в конкретный момент прошлого.
Present Perfect — время не указано / результат важен сейчас.

Сравнение времён
Ситуация	Past Simple	Present Perfect
Конкретное время	I saw him yesterday.	—
Время не указано, важен результат	—	I have seen him.
Опыт в жизни	—	I have been to Paris.
Завершённый период	I worked there in 2020.	—
Незаконченный период (today, this week)	—	I have worked there this week.

Важно: слова yesterday, last week, in 2010, ago — сигналы Past Simple. С ними Present Perfect НЕ используется. Ошибка: «I have seen him yesterday» → Правильно: I saw him yesterday.

Частые ошибки в Past Simple
Ошибка	Правильно	Почему
Did he went?	Did he go?	В вопросе с did глагол в V1.
He didn't went.	He didn't go.	В отрицании с didn't глагол в V1.
Did you were happy?	Were you happy?	To be не использует did.
Yes, I worked.	Yes, I did.	В коротком ответе — вспомогательный глагол.
He workeds.	He worked.	В Past Simple нет -s в 3-м лице.
I have seen him yesterday.	I saw him yesterday.	С yesterday — только Past Simple.
I goed to school.	I went to school.	Go — неправильный глагол.
She didn't liked it.	She didn't like it.	После didn't — V1.